Chimney Bluffs point cloud from low-altitude aerial imagery from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) flights over of the Lake Ontario shoreline in the vicinity of Chimney Bluffs, New York in July 2017

Low-altitude (80-100 meters above ground level) digital images were obtained from a camera mounted on a 3DR Solo quadcopter, a small unmanned aerial system (UAS), in three locations along the Lake Ontario shoreline in New York during July 2017. These data were collected to document and monitor effects of high lake levels, including shoreline erosion, inundation, and property damage in the vicinity of Chimney Bluffs State Park, New York. This data release includes images tagged with locations determined from the UAS GPS; tables with updated estimates of camera positions and attitudes based on the photogrammetric reconstruction; tables listing locations of the base stations, ground control points, and transect points;...

Tags: 3DR Solo quadcopter, CMGP, Chimney Bluffs, Chimney Bluffs State Park, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, All tags... Federal Emergency Management Agency, Great Lakes, Huron, NY, LAS, LAZ, Lake Ontario, New York, Ricoh GRII, State of New York Department of Environmental Conservation, State of New York Department of State, U.S. Geological Survey, UAS, USA, USGS, Unmanned aerial system, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, aerial imagery, aerial photography, elevation, field activity number 2017-042-FA, geoscientificInformation, inlandWaters, lake level, lakeshore, location, low-altitude aerial imagery, photographs, photos, point clouds, points, remote sensing, shoreline, shoreline photographs, topography, Fewer tags

Geotagged Low-Altitude Aerial Imagery From Unmanned Aerial Systems Flights Over Town Neck Beach, in Sandwich, Massachusetts, on 2017-04-28

Low-altitude (80-100 meters above ground level) digital images of Town Neck Beach in Sandwich, Massachusetts, were obtained from a camera mounted on a small unmanned aerial system (UAS; also known as a drone). Imagery was collected at close to low tide on seven days to observe changes in beach and dune morphology. The images were geolocated by using the single-frequency geographic positioning system aboard the UAS. Ground control points (GCPs) were established by using temporary targets on the ground, which were located by using a real-time kinematic global navigation satellite system (RTK-GNSS) base station and rovers. The GCPs can be used as constraints during photogrammetric processing. Transect points were collected...

Tags: CMGP, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, DJI Phantom 4 quadcopter, FC330, JPEG, All tags... Massachusetts, Sandwich, Town Neck Beach, U.S. Geological Survey, UAS, USA, USGS, Unmanned aerial system, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, aerial and satellite photography, aerial imagery, aerial photography, field activity number 2017-027-FA, geoscientificInformation, geotagged photos, image collections, location, low-altitude aerial imagery, oceans, photographs, photos, remote sensing, shoreline, shoreline photographs, Fewer tags

BraddockEast_PhotogrammetryProducts

Low-altitude (80-100 meters above ground level) digital images were obtained from a camera mounted on a 3DR Solo quadcopter, a small unmanned aerial system (UAS), in three locations along the Lake Ontario shoreline in New York during July 2017. These data were collected to document and monitor effects of high lake levels, including shoreline erosion, inundation, and property damage in the vicinities of Braddock Bay, Sodus Bay, and Chimney Bluffs State Park, New York. This data release includes images tagged with locations determined from the UAS GPS; tables with updated estimates of camera positions and attitudes based on the photogrammetric reconstruction; tables listing locations of the base stations, ground control...

Spectral reflectance profiles, ground reference data, and photos collected during uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) operations: Assateague Island National Seashore (ASIS), MD, October 10 - 14, 2022

Low-altitude (70 m above ground level) aerial images were collected over five areas of interest within the northern portion of Assateague Island National Seashore (ASIS) in mid-October, 2022. These images were collected to generate photogrammetric products (e.g. digital surface model (DSM), reflectance orthomosaic) to support science and data needs of National Park managers attempting to locate invasive Phragmites australis expansion. A DJI Matrice 600 uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) was equipped with a MicaSense Altum-PT multispectral camera and a Ricoh GRII true-color RGB camera to collect images simultaneously with sufficient overlap for photogrammetric processing. Ground control points (GCPs), black and white...

Categories: Data; Tags: ASIS, Assateague Island National Seashore, Berlin, CMHRP, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, All tags... Field activity 2022-030-FA, Maryland, OceanInsight HDX Miniature Spectrometer, OceanView Spectroscopy Software, U.S. Geological Survey, USA, USGS, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, biota, elevation, environment, geoscientificInformation, hyperspectral, location, oceans, spectra, spectral profiles, spectral signature, spectrometer, spectroradiometer, vegetation, Fewer tags

Listing of File Names and Positions of Images Collected During Unmanned Aerial Systems Flights Over Town Neck Beach, in Sandwich, Massachusetts on January 9, January 25, February 14, March 16, April 28, May 4, and September 18, 2017

Low-altitude (80-100 meters above ground level) digital images of Town Neck Beach in Sandwich, Massachusetts, were obtained with a camera mounted on a small unmanned aerial system (UAS; also known as a drone). Imagery was collected at close to low tide on seven days to observe changes in beach and dune morphology. The images were geolocated by using the single-frequency geographic positioning system aboard the UAS. Ground control points (GCPs) were established by using temporary targets on the ground, which were located by using a real-time kinematic global navigation satellite system (RTK-GNSS) base station and rovers. The GCPs can be used as constraints during photogrammetric processing. Transect points were collected...

Tags: CMGP, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, GNSS, GPS, GPS measurement, All tags... Global Positioning System, Massachusetts, Sandwich, Town Neck Beach, U.S. Geological Survey, USA, USGS, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, aerial and satellite photography, elevation, field activity number 2017-005-FA, field activity number 2017-008-FA, field activity number 2017-010-FA, field activity number 2017-014-FA, field activity number 2017-027-FA, field activity number 2017-029-FA, field activity number 2017-050-FA, image locations, location, navigation, navigational data, oceans, Fewer tags

Geotagged Low-Altitude Aerial Imagery From Unmanned Aerial Systems Flights Over Town Neck Beach, in Sandwich, Massachusetts, on 2017-01-25

Low-altitude (80-100 meters above ground level) digital images of Town Neck Beach in Sandwich, Massachusetts, were obtained from a camera mounted on a small unmanned aerial system (UAS; also known as a drone). Imagery was collected at close to low tide on seven days to observe changes in beach and dune morphology. The images were geolocated by using the single-frequency geographic positioning system aboard the UAS. Ground control points (GCPs) were established by using temporary targets on the ground, which were located by using a real-time kinematic global navigation satellite system (RTK-GNSS) base station and rovers. The GCPs can be used as constraints during photogrammetric processing. Transect points were collected...

Tags: CMGP, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, DJI Phantom 4 quadcopter, FC330, JPEG, All tags... Massachusetts, Sandwich, Town Neck Beach, U.S. Geological Survey, UAS, USA, USGS, Unmanned aerial system, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, aerial and satellite photography, aerial imagery, aerial photography, field activity number 2017-008-FA, geoscientificInformation, geotagged photos, image collections, location, low-altitude aerial imagery, oceans, photographs, photos, remote sensing, shoreline, shoreline photographs, Fewer tags

Geotagged low-altitude aerial imagery from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) flights over of the Lake Ontario shoreline in the vicinity of Braddock Bay, New York in July 2017

Low-altitude (80-100 meters above ground level) digital images were obtained from a camera mounted on a 3DR Solo quadcopter, a small unmanned aerial system (UAS), in three locations along the Lake Ontario shoreline in New York during July 2017. These data were collected to document and monitor effects of high lake levels, including shoreline erosion, inundation, and property damage in the vicinities of Braddock Bay, Sodus Bay, and Chimney Bluffs State Park, New York. This data release includes images tagged with locations determined from the UAS GPS; tables with updated estimates of camera positions and attitudes based on the photogrammetric reconstruction; tables listing locations of the base stations, ground control...

Tags: 3DR Solo quadcopter, Braddock Bay, Braddock Bay Park, Braddock Bay Wildlife Management Area, Braddock Point, All tags... CMGP, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Great Lakes, Greece, NY, JPEG, Lake Ontario, New York, Ricoh GRII, State of New York Department of Environmental Conservation, State of New York Department of State, U.S. Geological Survey, UAS, USA, USGS, Unmanned aerial system, WHCMSC, Westpoint Marina, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, aerial imagery, aerial photography, field activity number 2017-042-FA, geoscientificInformation, geotagged photos, image collections, lake level, lakeshore, location, low-altitude aerial imagery, photographs, photos, remote sensing, shoreline, shoreline photographs, Fewer tags

SodusNorth_PhotogrammetryProducts

Low-altitude (80-100 meters above ground level) digital images were obtained from a camera mounted on a 3DR Solo quadcopter, a small unmanned aerial system (UAS), along the Lake Ontario shoreline in New York during July 2017. These data were collected to document and monitor effects of high lake levels, including shoreline erosion, inundation, and property damage in the vicinity of Sodus Bay, New York. This data release includes images tagged with locations determined from the UAS GPS; tables with updated estimates of camera positions and attitudes based on the photogrammetric reconstruction; tables listing locations of the base stations, ground control points, and transect points; geolocated, RGB-colored point...

Ground control point and transect locations associated with images collected during unmanned aerial systems (UAS) flights over The Lake Ontario shoreline in the vicinity of Braddock Bay, New York in July 2017

Low-altitude (80-100 meters above ground level) digital images were obtained from a camera mounted on a 3DR Solo quadcopter, a small unmanned aerial system (UAS), in three locations along the Lake Ontario shoreline in New York during July 2017. These data were collected to document and monitor effects of high lake levels, including shoreline erosion, inundation, and property damage in the vicinities of Braddock Bay, Sodus Bay, and Chimney Bluffs State Park, New York. This data release includes images tagged with locations determined from the UAS GPS; tables with updated estimates of camera positions and attitudes based on the photogrammetric reconstruction; tables listing locations of the base stations, ground control...

Categories: Data; Tags: Braddock Bay, Braddock Bay Park, Braddock Bay Wildlife Management Area, Braddock Point, CMGP, All tags... Carlson SurvCE, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Federal Emergency Management Agency, GPS, Global Positioning System, Great Lakes, Greece, NY, Lake Ontario, New York, Spectra Precision SP80, State of New York Department of Environmental Conservation, State of New York Department of State, U.S. Geological Survey, USA, USGS, WHCMSC, Westpoint Marina, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, elevation, field activity number 2017-042-FA, ground control points, inlandWaters, lakeshore, location, low-altitude aerial imagery, navigation, navigational data, transect points, Fewer tags

Lake Bluffs camera locations and attitudes for low-altitude aerial images collected during unmanned aerial systems (UAS) flights over of the Lake Ontario shoreline in the vicinity of Sodus Bay, New York in July 2017

Low-altitude (80-100 meters above ground level) digital images were obtained from a camera mounted on a 3DR Solo quadcopter, a small unmanned aerial system (UAS), along the Lake Ontario shoreline in New York during July 2017. These data were collected to document and monitor effects of high lake levels, including shoreline erosion, inundation, and property damage in the vicinity of Sodus Bay, New York. This data release includes images tagged with locations determined from the UAS GPS; tables with updated estimates of camera positions and attitudes based on the photogrammetric reconstruction; tables listing locations of the base stations, ground control points, and transect points; geolocated, RGB-colored point...

Categories: Data; Tags: 3DR Solo quadcopter, Agisoft Photoscan, CMGP, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Crescent Bar, All tags... Federal Emergency Management Agency, GPS, Global Positioning System, Great Lakes, Lake Bluff, Lake Ontario, New York, Ricoh GRII, Sodus Bay, Sodus Point, Sodus, NY, State of New York Department of Conservation, State of New York Department of State, U.S. Geological Survey, UAS, USA, USGS, Unmanned aerial system, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, aerial imagery, aerial photography, camera locations, elevation, field activity number 2017-042-FA, geoscientificInformation, inlandWaters, lakeshore, location, low-altitude aerial imagery, navigation, navigational data, photographs, photos, remote sensing, shoreline photographs, Fewer tags

Sodus North point cloud from low-altitude aerial imagery from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) flights over of the Lake Ontario shoreline in the vicinity of Sodus Bay, New York in July 2017 (LAZ file)

Low-altitude (80-100 meters above ground level) digital images were obtained from a camera mounted on a 3DR Solo quadcopter, a small unmanned aerial system (UAS), along the Lake Ontario shoreline in New York during July 2017. These data were collected to document and monitor effects of high lake levels, including shoreline erosion, inundation, and property damage in the vicinity of Sodus Bay, New York. This data release includes images tagged with locations determined from the UAS GPS; tables with updated estimates of camera positions and attitudes based on the photogrammetric reconstruction; tables listing locations of the base stations, ground control points, and transect points; geolocated, RGB-colored point...

Tags: 3DR Solo quadcopter, CMGP, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Great Lakes, All tags... LAS, LAZ, Lake Ontario, New York, Ricoh GRII, Sodus Bay, Sodus North, Sodus Point, Sodus, NY, State of New York Department of Environmental Conservation, State of New York Department of State, U.S. Geological Survey, UAS, USA, USGS, Unmanned aerial system, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, aerial imagery, aerial photography, elevation, field activity number 2017-042-FA, geoscientificInformation, inlandWaters, lake level, lakeshore, location, low-altitude aerial imagery, photographs, photos, point clouds, points, remote sensing, shoreline, shoreline photographs, topography, Fewer tags

LakeBluffs_PhotogrammetryProducts

Low-altitude (80-100 meters above ground level) digital images were obtained from a camera mounted on a 3DR Solo quadcopter, a small unmanned aerial system (UAS), along the Lake Ontario shoreline in New York during July 2017. These data were collected to document and monitor effects of high lake levels, including shoreline erosion, inundation, and property damage in the vicinity of Sodus Bay, New York. This data release includes images tagged with locations determined from the UAS GPS; tables with updated estimates of camera positions and attitudes based on the photogrammetric reconstruction; tables listing locations of the base stations, ground control points, and transect points; geolocated, RGB-colored point...

Coastal Groundwater Chemical Data from the North and South Shores of Long Island, New York

Groundwater data were collected in the spring and fall of 2008 from three sites representing different geological settings and biogeochemical conditions within the surficial glacial aquifer of Long Island, NY. Investigations were designed to examine the extent to which average vadose zone thickness in contributing watersheds controlled biogeochemical conditions and processes, including dissolved oxygen concentration (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (Eh), dissolved organic carbon concentration (DOC), and microbial dinitrogen (N2) production. Greatest N2 production was observed at the south shore of Long Island, which is characterized by a thin vadose zone, low DO and Eh, and relatively high DOC. Limited N2 production...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation; Tags: Geochemistry, Great South Bay, Hydrogeology, Long Island Sound, Long Island, NY, United States, All tags... Manhasset Bay, Northport Harbor, Northport, NY, United States, Patchogue, NY, United States, Port Washington, NY, United States, Water Resources, climate change, denitrification, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved oxygen, environment, excess air, geoscientificInformation, groundwater, groundwater discharge, hydrogeology, membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS), nitrate, oxygen content (water), recharge temperature, salinity, tritium analysis, vadose zone thickness, water chemistry, water pH, Fewer tags

Low-altitude aerial imagery collected from a Helikite at the Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge DUNEX Site, North Carolina in September and October 2021

The data in this part of the release are images of the beach for use in structure from motion that were taken with a camera attached to a helium filled balloon-kite (Helikite). During September and October 2021, USGS and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (WHOI) scientists conducted multiple field surveys to collect an elevation time series at the USGS DUring Nearshore Event eXperiment (DUNEX) site on Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge, NC. Agisoft Metashape (v. 1.8.1) was used to create orthomosaics and digital surface models with the collected imagery. DUNEX is a multi-agency, academic, and non-governmental organization collaborative community experiment designed to study nearshore coastal processes during storm...

Categories: Data; Tags: 3-band imagery, CMHRP, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, DUNEX, Dare, All tags... JPG, North Carolina, Pea Island, U.S. Geological Survey, UAS, USGS, United States, Unmanned aerial system, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, aerial and satellite photography, aerial imagery, aerial photography, geoscientificInformation, geotagged photos, image collections, location, low-altitude aerial imagery, oceans, photographs, remote sensing, shoreline, shoreline photographs, Fewer tags

Aerial Imagery from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) flights and ground control points: Potomac River in Point of Rocks, Maryland on October 24, 2019

These digital images were taken over an area of the Potomac River in Point of Rocks, Maryland using 3DR Solo unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) on October 24, 2019. These images were collected for the purpose of evaluating UAS assessment of river habitat data such as water depth, substrate type, and water clarity. Each UAS was equipped with a Ricoh GRII digital camera for natural color photos, used to produce digital elevation models and ortho images, a MicaSense RedEdge multi-spectral camera that captures five specific bands of the visible spectrum (blue, green, red, rededge, and near-infrared), which can be used to classify vegetation, or FLIR Vue Pro R 640 13mm radiometric thermal camera that provides temperature...

Tags: 3dr solo quadcopter, Maryland, Point of Rocks, Potomac River, USA, All tags... aerial images, aerial photography, airborne imagery, drone, elevation, flir, flir vue pro r 640 13mm, gcp, geomorphology, geoscientificInformation, geospatial datasets, ground control point, image collections, images, jpeg images, location, micasense, micasense rededge, nir, rededge, remote sensing, ricoh grii, targets, tiff images, u.s. geological survey, uas, unmanned aerial system, usgs, Fewer tags

Field_Data

Low-altitude (80-100 meters above ground level) digital images were obtained from a camera mounted on a 3DR Solo quadcopter, a small unmanned aerial system (UAS), in three locations along the Lake Ontario shoreline in New York during July 2017. These data were collected to document and monitor effects of high lake levels, including shoreline erosion, inundation, and property damage in the vicinities of Braddock Bay, Sodus Bay, and Chimney Bluffs State Park, New York. This data release includes images tagged with locations determined from the UAS GPS; tables with updated estimates of camera positions and attitudes based on the photogrammetric reconstruction; tables listing locations of the base stations, ground control...

Aerial imagery from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) flights and ground control points: Plum Island Estuary and Parker River NWR (PIEPR), February 27th, 2018.

Low-altitude (80 and 100 meters above ground level) digital images were taken over an area of the Plum Island Estuary and Parker River National Wildlife Refuge in Massachusetts using 3DR Solo unmanned aerial systems (UAS) on February 27, 2018. These images were collected as part of an effort to document marsh stability over time and quantify sediment movement using UAS technology. Each UAS was equipped with either a Ricoh GRII digital camera for natural color photos, used to produce digital elevation models and ortho images, or a MicaSense RedEdge multi-spectral camera that captures five specific bands of the visible spectrum (blue, green, red, red edge, and near-infrared), which can be used to classify vegetation....

Tags: Aerial Imaging, Environmental Health, Geomorphology, Hazards, Marine Geology, All tags... Massachusetts, Parker River, Parker River National Wildlife Refuge, Plum Island, Remote Sensing, USA, aerial photography, aerial photography, coastal change, coastal change forecasts, coastal ecosystems, coastal processes, image collections, navigational data, remote sensing, remote sensing, storm impacts, Fewer tags

Aerial imagery and photogrammetric products from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) flights over the Lake Ontario shoreline at Braddock Bay, New York, July 10 to 11, 2017

Low-altitude (80-100 meters above ground level) digital images were obtained from a camera mounted on a 3DR Solo quadcopter, a small unmanned aerial system (UAS), in three locations along the Lake Ontario shoreline in New York during July 2017. These data were collected to document and monitor effects of high lake levels, including shoreline erosion, inundation, and property damage in the vicinities of Braddock Bay, Sodus Bay, and Chimney Bluffs State Park, New York. This data release includes images tagged with locations determined from the UAS GPS; tables with updated estimates of camera positions and attitudes based on the photogrammetric reconstruction; tables listing locations of the base stations, ground control...

Tags: Braddock Bay, Braddock Bay Wildlife Management Area, Braddock Point, Great Lakes, Greece, NY, All tags... Lake Ontario, New York, UAS, Westpoint Marina, aerial imagery, aerial photography, digital elevation models, image collections, image mosaics, navigational data, remote sensing, topography, Fewer tags

Lake Bluffs orthomosaic from low-altitude aerial imagery from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) flights over of the Lake Ontario shoreline in the vicinity of Sodus Bay, New York in July 2017 (GeoTIFF image)

Low-altitude (80-100 meters above ground level) digital images were obtained from a camera mounted on a 3DR Solo quadcopter, a small unmanned aerial system (UAS), along the Lake Ontario shoreline in New York during July 2017. These data were collected to document and monitor effects of high lake levels, including shoreline erosion, inundation, and property damage in the vicinity of Sodus Bay, New York. This data release includes images tagged with locations determined from the UAS GPS; tables with updated estimates of camera positions and attitudes based on the photogrammetric reconstruction; tables listing locations of the base stations, ground control points, and transect points; geolocated, RGB-colored point...

Types: Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, OGC WMS Service; Tags: 3DR Solo quadcopter, CMGP, Charles Point, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Crescent Bar, All tags... Federal Emergency Management Agency, GeoTIFF, Great Lakes, Greig Street, Lake Bluff, Lake Ontario, New York, Orthomosaic, Orthophoto, Ricoh GRII, Sodus Bay, Sodus Point, Sodus Point, Sodus, NY, State of New York Department of Environmental Conservation, State of New York Department of State, U.S. Geological Survey, UAS, USA, USGS, Unmanned aerial system, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, aerial imagery, aerial photography, field activity number 2017-042-FA, geoscientificInformation, image mosaics, imageryBaseMapsEarthCover, inlandWaters, lake level, lakeshore, location, low-altitude aerial imagery, photo mosaic, photographs, photos, raster, remote sensing, shoreline, shoreline photographs, Fewer tags

Chimney Bluffs orthomosaic from low-altitude aerial imagery from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) flights over of the Lake Ontario shoreline in the vicinity of Chimney Bluffs, New York in July 2017 (GeoTIFF image)

Low-altitude (80-100 meters above ground level) digital images were obtained from a camera mounted on a 3DR Solo quadcopter, a small unmanned aerial system (UAS), in three locations along the Lake Ontario shoreline in New York during July 2017. These data were collected to document and monitor effects of high lake levels, including shoreline erosion, inundation, and property damage in the vicinity of Chimney Bluffs State Park, New York. This data release includes images tagged with locations determined from the UAS GPS; tables with updated estimates of camera positions and attitudes based on the photogrammetric reconstruction; tables listing locations of the base stations, ground control points, and transect points;...

Categories: Data; Types: Downloadable, GeoTIFF, Map Service, Raster; Tags: 3DR Solo quadcopter, CMGP, Chimney Bluffs, Chimney Bluffs State Park, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, All tags... Federal Emergency Management Agency, GeoTIFF, Great Lakes, Huron, NY, Lake Ontario, New York, Orthomosaic, Orthophoto, Ricoh GRII, State of New York Department of Environmental Conservation, State of New York Department of State, U.S. Geological Survey, UAS, USA, USGS, Unmanned aerial system, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, aerial imagery, aerial photography, field activity number 2017-042-FA, geoscientificInformation, image mosaics, inlandWaters, lake level, lakeshore, location, low-altitude aerial imagery, photo mosaic, photographs, photos, raster, remote sensing, shoreline, shoreline photographs, Fewer tags