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This dissertation examines one corner of the grammar of the Ahtna Athabaskan language of Alaska: the use and semantics of the lexical class of directionals. In particular, this dissertation looks at how Ahtna speakers use directionals in spontaneous discourse and elicitation against the backdrop of the physiography of Ahtna territory. The semantics of the directional system is traditionally riverine, meaning that the orientation of the local river local determines which directional term speakers choose. Talk about direction and location of referents in the natural landscape is common among Ahtna speakers: Ahtna people are traditionally seminomadic, and verbally displaying one's knowledge of overland travel through...
Cultural change should not be viewed as the slow breakdown of a "traditional" culture through absorption but rather as the blending of different components of each interacting cultural group, blurring elements through temporal change. A modified version of the core-periphery model in which both micro-level and macro-level perspectives are utilized provides a framework in which to study interethnic relations within the zone of cultural interaction. Prior to contact, the Dena'ina had successfully adjusted their subsistence strategies in order to exploit an array of ecological niches. The flexibility to reformulate their sociopolitical structure continued throughout the contact period, allowing their participation...
ABSTRACT. Since the original 1997 discovery of ancient hunting implements in melting alpine ice patches of southern Yukon, approximately 146 well-preserved, organic artifacts have been recovered. Most of the artifacts, variously made of antler, bone, wood, and stone, represent complete or partial examples of throwing-dart (atlatl) and bow-and-arrow technology. Radiocarbon dates obtained thus far range from 8360 BP to 90 BP (uncalibrated). Our research indicates that in southern Yukon, throwing-dart technology persisted from at least 8360 BP to approximately 1250 BP, when it was abruptly replaced by bow-and-arrow technology. The collection has afforded archaeologists and First Nation researchers a unique opportunity...
In this thesis, Schaeffer Creek Campsite (MlVm-6), located in the Old Crow Flats, northern Yukon Territory, is identified as a possible cold weather short-term campsite dating to the 1920s. This discovery is significant, as few archaeological sites in the region have been identified as cold weather occupations. A discussion of cold weather behaviour and adaptations from oral history research and ethnography complement the analysis. The purpose of this study is to dispel the idea that life during cold weather is harsh and intolerable. The discussion and analysis add to the corpus of knowledge of archaeological sites in the area as well as an understanding of behaviour and technological adaptations during cold weather,...
In recent decades, climate change has been invoked in the apparent collapse of some of the best-known examples of cyclic and synchronous population dynamics among boreal species. Simultaneously, some studies have predicted that as species' ranges shift poleward and southern habitats fragment in response to climate change, we will lose the southern glacial refugial populations that have historically harbored species' highest genetic diversity and uniqueness. I investigated how climate change and habitat fragmentation may impact genetic and population dynamic processes for the snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus ), a species historically recognized as a key driver of North American boreal community dynamics. I collected...
This dissertation is a three-part study of the linguistic and cultural features of historical accounts in Kaska, an Athabaskan language spoken in the southern Yukon and northern British Columbia, Canada. The first part of this study is an analysis of the specific linguistic and cultural characteristics of the narratives. Part 2 is a grammar of Kaska that focuses on the sound system, lexical categories, and morphological structure. In part 3, the narratives are presented in Kaska and Tlingit with English translations, together with information about the narrators. In part 1, point of view in Kaska is analyzed from two different perspectives, one focusing on the language of the narratives, and the other focusing on...
The early prehistory of the Susitna River region, near the place where three major rivers, the Susitna, Talkeetna, and the Chulitna, converge, provides important regional information about the movement of small-scale foraging societies in southcentral Alaska as well as specific data concerning lithic use. Since 2004, ongoing research at the Trapper Creek Overlook (TCO) and Susitna River Overlook (SRO) sites has revealed three primarily lithic artifact assemblages from stratigraphically sealed cultural occupations spanning the early to middle Holocene (ca. 10,000-5000 cal B.P.). Radiocarbon, tephrochronology, and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating techniques provide context for interpreting these sites...
Dena'ina oral tradition indicates that the antecedent worldview brought with the migrating Athabascan Dena'ina into the Cook Inlet Basin and the Lake Clark/Iliamna Lake region included dual organization, perhaps moieties, matrilineal descent, a preferential rule for cross cousin marriage, and customs in which on ceremonial occasions guests would perform services for hosts, who recompensed the former with goods. Archaeological and ethnographic evidence is summarized in this thesis that indicates that the Dena'ina communal hunting and gathering and intensive salmon fishing strategy, in combination with borrowed Alutiiq technology, was a successful adaptation to the maritime/riverine environment of the Cook Inlet Basin...
The Archaic stage was defined as a cultural response to post-Pleistocene landscapes dominated by trees. The Early Holocene produced an open landscape susceptible to colluviation, flooding, and gullying thus placing severe constraints on archaeological site preservation. The paleo-environment surrounding the development of the Northern Archaic can be reconstructed from pan-Alaska proxy records of flooding, loess fall, and soil formation at Onion Portage and Tingmiukpuk, and using a variety of studies of lake levels, glacial expansions, and slope activations, supplemented by loess and dune stratigraphy from the Tanana and Nenana valleys. The development of the Northern Archaic correlates with the retreat of the treeline,...
Lake Minchumina past and present. A short history of the native village of Tanana, Dichinanek'Hwt'Ana: A history of the people of the upper Kuskokwim who live in Nikolai and Telida, Alaska; Cantwell native village history
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