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Abstract (from http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059687): Cities profoundly alter biological communities, favoring some species over others, though the mechanisms that govern these changes are largely unknown. Herbivorous arthropod pests are often more abundant in urban than in rural areas, and urban outbreaks have been attributed to reduced control by predators and parasitoids and to increased susceptibility of stressed urban plants. These hypotheses, however, leave many outbreaks unexplained and fail to predict variation in pest abundance within cities. Here we show that the abundance of a common insect pest is positively related to temperature even when controlling for other habitat...
The use of advanced modelling methods in ecology expands as ecological data accumulates and increases in complexity. Artificial neural networks (ANN), and in particular, the self-organising map (SOM), has become very popular for analysing particular kinds of ecological datasets. As SOM have become more utilised, it has become increasingly clear that the results of SOM models must be interpreted carefully. SOM have been used in a number of ecological studies to investigate the spatial distribution of species. When using presence–absence data of species distributions at given locations, the input vectors to a SOM are binary and the connection weights after learning are between 0 and 1. Using fuzzy set theory, we...