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Note: No formal accuracy tests were conducted and these data are disseminated to allow discussion related to methods. Sample Analyses: Samples were processed at both the USGS in Menlo Park, CA, and at UC Berkeley following established methodology for separating organic material from sinter (Howald et al., 2014; Lowenstern et al., 2016; Slagter et al., 2019). First, the exterior surface of each sample was removed using a rock saw, and then any further material was removed if there was any visible algal material in the interior of the sample. Second, samples underwent a series of chemical baths. Samples were crushed and soaked in 30% hydrogen peroxide for 48 hours to remove any remaining modern algae. Once cleaned,...
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Sample Analyses: Thin sections made at UC Berkeley were brought to the USGS, Menlo Park, CA and were coated with 25 nm carbon. Samples were analyzed at the USGS in Menlo Park, CA in a Tescan VEGA3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with an Oxford 50 mm2 X-MaxN energy dispersive spectrometer. Thin sections were imaged with backscatter electrons. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses and images were collected with an accelerating voltage of 15 kV and a working distance of 15 mm. Database Contents: The data files for “Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) Data” contain representative element spectra analyses of samples UGB-TD-28, -30, -31, -32, -33, -36.
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Sample Analyses: Samples were analyzed for major and trace element concentrations of the unreacted and reacted sinter using a Thermo ARL Perform’X X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer at the Hamilton Analytical Laboratory at Hamilton College, New York, following protocols described in Johnson et al. (1999). One-part powdered sample is mixed with 2 parts Li-tetraborate flux and fused at 1000 °C in graphite crucibles. The cooled wavelength dispersive XRF (WDXRF) pellets are re-ground to powder and re-fused at the same temperature. Flat analytical surfaces are ground on steel-backed diamond laps. XRF determinations of 44 element concentrations are calibrated with approximately 70 reference materials. Net peak intensities...
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Sample Analysis: Cation concentration data was obtained as a part of the beryllium isotope analyses. Samples collected from the Upper Geyser Basin were first treated in clean laboratory facilities at the University of New Hampshire following the methods laid out in the “Beryllium Isotope Data” portion of this data release. Following the hydrofluoric acid (HF) etches, and prior to Accelerated Mass Spectroscopy (AMS) analyses of 10Be, opal purity was assessed by measurement of major cation concentrations via inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) using a Perkin Elmer Optima 3300DV at the Analytical and Technical Services lab at SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry in Syracuse,...
Sample Analyses: Samples were analyzed for their trace element chemistry using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) at the Corman Center for Mass Spectrometry, Rensselaer Polytechnical Institute, New York. After XRF concentrations were determined following the methods laid out in the “X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)” portion of this data release, a small piece (~5 mm by 5-8 mm) was cut from the wavelength dispersive (WDXRF) pellets and mounted on a one-inch glass puck with 25-30 other samples. Samples were polished down to ~0.5 micron with diamond paste and placed in an ablation chamber that holds two sample pucks, 18 reference standards, and a drift monitor on a third puck. Samples were...
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The radiogenic isotope ratios of strontium (Sr) and uranium (U), specifically 87Sr/86Sr and 234U/238U, are useful tracers of water-rock interactions. Sr isotopic compositions in groundwater are mostly controlled by dissolution or exchange with Sr contained in aquifer rocks whereas the U isotopic compositions are more controlled by chemical and kinetic processes during groundwater flow. Insights into groundwater circulation patterns through the shallow subsurface at Yellowstone National Park can be aided by investigations of these isotopes. This data release contains tables with new isotope data consisting of concentrations (Sr, U) and radiogenic-isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U) for water samples from...
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Summary: Siliceous sinter samples were collected from multiple geysers in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in 2018. These silica sinter samples were collected and analyzed as a part of a multi-year research investigation into the age and geochemistry of hydrothermal features in the Upper Geyser Basin. Samples were collected along the stratigraphy of each feature. From these samples, we report 10Be, U-series, and 14C ages. Samples collected from Giant and Castle Geyser were further analyzed for their mineralogy, major and trace element concentrations, water content, and rare earth elements. This research was conducted under Yellowstone Research Permit YELL-2018-SCI-8030 and YELL-2018-SCI-5910....
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Sample Analyses: Thin sections made at UC Berkeley were brought to the USGS, Menlo Park, CA and were coated with 25 nm carbon. Samples were analyzed at the USGS in Menlo Park, CA in a Tescan VEGA3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with an Oxford 50 mm2 X-MaxN energy dispersive spectrometer. Thin sections were imaged with backscatter electrons. Database Contents: The data files for “SEM Images of Sinter Thin Sections” contain representative SEM images of thin sections of samples UGB-TD-24, -27, -28, -29, -31, -32.
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Sample Analyses: Unpolished bulk centimeter-scale sinter sub-samples were affixed to aluminum stubs using amorphous carbon paste and coated with 10 nm Au-Pd. Samples were analyzed at the USGS in Menlo Park, CA in a Tescan VEGA3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Stub-mount samples were imaged with secondary electrons. Database Contents: The data files for “SEM Images of Bulk Sinter Samples” contain representative SEM images of cm-size pieces of sub-samples UGB-TD-25, -26, -28, -30, -31, -33, -35.
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Sample Analyses: X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) was carried out on samples UGB-TD-24 through UGB-TD-39 (excluding UGB-TD-38) at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, CA. Each sample was powdered using an agate mortar and pestle and packed into a shallow well (0.5 mm) aluminum XRPD mount with the knife edge of a spatula to ensure random orientation. Samples were scanned continuously at room temperature from 3.0° 2θ to 80.0° 2θ with a step size of 0.01° 2θ on a Rigaku Multiflex X-ray diffractometer with Cu-Kα radiation with an accelerating voltage of 40.0 kV and a filament current of 20.0 mA. Database Contents: The data files (UGB-TD-XX.csv; where XX is the respective sample ID) contain the angle and intensity...
Sample Analyses: Samples were analyzed for their major and trace element chemistry using the Applied Spectra Resolution-SE 193nm ArF excimer laser ablation system at the LA-ICP-MS (Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) Laboratory, Colorado School of Mines (CSM), Colorado. A small piece (~5 mm by 5-8 mm) was cut from the wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) pellets and mounted on a one-inch glass puck with 25-30 other samples. Samples were polished down to ~0.5 micron with diamond paste and placed in an ablation chamber that holds several sample pucks, a drift monitor, and 18 fused low dilution glass reference materials (made with common USGS, GSJ, etc. standards). All sample glasses...
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Sample Analyses: Four samples of silica sinter from Giant and Castle Geysers composed of opal-A or opal-A/C were analyzed for U-Th isotopes at USGS laboratories in Denver, CO (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/gecsc/science/denver-radiogenic-isotope-lab?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects). Small fragments, weighing approximately 10 g, were cut and polished to enable microsampling using carbide dental burrs. Sub-samples consisted of small pits or trenches that cut across microfabric elements and integrate material weighing 0.082–0.109 g. Resulting powders were digested using concentrated hydrofluoric acid (HF) after spiking with known amounts of a mixed 229Th-233U-236U tracer solution. After evaporation,...
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See child items for two LA-ICP-MS datasets, including sample collection and methods descriptions.
    map background search result map search result map Mineralogy, chemistry and isotope composition of silica sinter deposits from the Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park (ver. 2.0, April 2021) g. X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) Data e. Laser Ablation Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) Data d. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Data Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) Data SEM Images of Sinter Thin Sections SEM Images of Bulk Sinter Samples b. Uranium and Thorium Isotope Data a. Carbon Isotope Data f. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) Data CSM Laser Ablation Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Data RPI Laser Ablation Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Data Sr and U concentrations and radiogenic isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U) of thermal waters, streamflow, travertine, and rock samples along with U-Th disequilibrium ages for travertine deposits from various locations in Yellowstone National Park, USA g. X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) Data e. Laser Ablation Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) Data d. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Data Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) Data SEM Images of Sinter Thin Sections SEM Images of Bulk Sinter Samples b. Uranium and Thorium Isotope Data a. Carbon Isotope Data f. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) Data CSM Laser Ablation Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Data RPI Laser Ablation Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Data Sr and U concentrations and radiogenic isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U) of thermal waters, streamflow, travertine, and rock samples along with U-Th disequilibrium ages for travertine deposits from various locations in Yellowstone National Park, USA Mineralogy, chemistry and isotope composition of silica sinter deposits from the Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park (ver. 2.0, April 2021)